One of the main instances of Industrial property, as one of the two branches of intellectual property law, is Trade Name which takes into account a very valuable asset of trade markets. In spite of this importance, the concept of Trade Name has been used incorrectly by some concepts like, Trade Mark, Geographical indication, Domain name, Brand and Trade registration in some internal and international texts and it (improper use) is seen, even in some specialized intellectual property writings, too. Perhaps, non stipulation to the concept of Trade Name in the international conventions related to the intellectual property is one of the main reasons of this improper use. Further than theoretic aspect, the distinction between Trade name and similar concepts, have a practical aspect for legislatures as well as the owners of Trade names too; so the present article aims at filling the existing shortage in the legal literature of the state at this field, by defining the concept of Trade Name (First paragraph) and it’s distinction between similar concepts (Second paragraph), according to a comparative and analytical study.

Background: Retinal imaging employs various modalities, each providing distinct perspectives on ocular structures. However, the integration of information from these modalities, which often have differing resolutions, requires effective image registration techniques. Existing retinal image registration methods typically rely on rigid or affine transformations, which may not adequately address the complexities of multimodal retinal images. Method: This study introduces a nonrigid fuzzy image registration approach designed to align optical coherence tomography (OCT) images with fundus images. The method employs a fuzzy inference system (FIS) that uses vessel locations as key features for registration. The FIS applies specific rules to map points from the source image to the reference image, facilitating accurate alignment. Results: The proposed method achieved a mean absolute registration error of 44. 57 ± 39. 38 µm in the superior–inferior orientation and 11. 46 ± 10. 06 µm in the nasal-temporal orientation. These results underscore the method’s precision in aligning multimodal retinal images. Conclusion: The nonrigid fuzzy image registration approach demonstrates robust and versatile performance in integrating multimodal retinal imaging data. Despite its straightforward implementation, the method effectively addresses the challenges of multimodal retinal image registration, providing a reliable tool for advanced ocular imaging analysis.

Registration institution guarantees economic and legal security. Human societies always noted this point and created several registration systems. Land title registration should be simple, reliable and well suited to the society it serves. With regard to social conditions, every society fallows from one of these systems.Iranian registration system has enough capacity to establish legal security, but doesn't overlap with owners, government, and society's interests and there are some problems and challenges that require amending registration laws. Then it must to submit exact solutions that terminate challenges about interpretation and application of registration regulations. In this thesis, among comparative perspective, is tried to determine the sort of Iranian registration system about real properties and submitted some solutions and recommendations.

In an editorial published in the second issue of the fifth volume of the Nursing Practice Today, an issue was raised about an inconsistency between the registration information and the final report of a clinical trial published in the first issue of the fifth volume of the Journal. . .310-312

Intellectual property and intangible asset issues are one of the main concerns of the business world, today. Intangible asset mostly originates from intelligent and research activities and is represented as trade secrets, patents, industrial designs, copyrights, etc. Intellectual property (IP) rights mean the legal rights resulting from intellectual activity in the industrial, scientific, literary and artistic fields.It is inevitable that IP awareness and knowledge must be increased among Iranian inventors and companies. Learning about patent and patenting procedures before the national and regional IP offices are of great importance to all of the people involved in this regard.The concepts of patents, patentability and general guidelines of preparing an invention report for patenting have been reviewed in this article.

Aim: Investigating the relationship between land surface temperature and urban land uses can be used for urban management. However, one of the main problems in this field is the low spatial resolution of thermal images. This research aims to evaluate and select the best existing algorithm for achieving a high spatial resolution of thermal images to investigate and analyze changes in land surface temperature in Region 4 of Ahvaz. Material & method: For this purpose, the split window algorithm was used as one of the most common suitable algorithms to calculate land surface temperature, and SFIM and T sharp DisTrade algorithms in urban areas were applied to improve spatial resolution. Finding: Results show that the spatial resolution of the output image obtained by Split Window, T Sharp DisTrade, and SFIM algorithms is 30, 100, and 45 meters, respectively. The T Sharp DisTrade algorithm presented the output images with very good resolution so that different land uses could be separated according to their surface temperature. Split Window and SFIM algorithms did not provide acceptable results in land use evaluation. Also, the average land surface temperature values obtained from T Sharp DisTrade, Split Window algorithm, and SFIM are equal to 17.5, 23.5, and 28.25 degrees Celsius, respectively. This temperature difference of these algorithms is due to utilizing the fusion process. Conclusion: As a result, T Sharp DisTrade algorithm was more effective in improving the spatial resolution of thermal images. Innovation: Innovations of this research are: - simultaneous use of three mentioned algorithms for increasing spatial resolution of thermal images and discovering the best algorithm in this field, which has not been investigated in previous research, - improving spatial resolution of thermal images for evaluating urban land uses by using T Sharp DisTrade algorithm, and detail investigation of surface temperature changes.

The " Booking Principle " as the link between "registration" and "validity” or opposability of land transactions" is one of the fundamental principles of the land registration systems that have been subject to exceptions, such as transfers based on inheritance, in the most registration systems, including Iran and raises questions; including what types of transfers are usually subject to the exceptional effect of land registration; what are the justifications for considering a transfer as the exceptional effect of the land registration; what is the function of the land registration system in relation to transfers subject to the exceptional effect and according to the expected function, how the beneficiaries of such transfers are led to register them. The present study, with a comparative-analytical method, first identifies the examples of transfers subject to exceptional effect in the land registration systems; And by examining the justifications of "acquisition based on the adverse possession", "transfer based on the inheritance" and "transfer based on the court decision" as the three main examples of these transfers - the latter two examples are also present in Iranian legal system – considers "supporting possession based on Labor Theory", "inheritance as a constitutional rule related to the public order" and "the necessity of not denying legal situations resulting from law and judicial decisions" as the most important bases for considering these examples in the realm of the exceptional effect of the land registration, regarding them, the registration system has the declaratory function. In this regard, to encourage the beneficiaries to register transfers subject to the exceptional effect,  the general solution of "relative effect of registration" is proposed; Although it is not clarified in the Iranian legal system, but adherence to it can be observed in the jurisprudence and some circulars according to the principles of registration.

Death and disease information are key information in priority setting. Because importance of valid and reliable mortality data, death registration system in I.R.Iran as a multi source registration system was established and improved from 1998. In this system mortality data are collected from hospitals, health houses and health centers, forensic medicine bureau, authorized cemeteries, civil registration bureau and other probable sources in district and within a defined process data are collected in provincial health centers and then in ministry of health. For improvement of registered data some important activities have to done in different level such as continuous education and strengthening intersectoral collaboration.